10 KNOWLEDGE CE stands for Communauté européenne, European Commission. CE marking of products allows for free movement of goods within the European Union without any additional formalities and certificates. It is not an official mark. The responsibility for application of the CE mark lies with the manufacturer in the European Union or the importer. Further obligations for distributors are specified in various Directives. There is no “separate” European Directive for laboratory equipment and laboratory facilities. Examples for applicable EU Directives and regulations for laboratory equipment: • Low Voltage Directive 2014/35/EU • Electromagnetic Compatibility Directive 2014/30/EU • Machinery Directive 2006/42/EC • Pressure Vessels Directive 2014/29/EU • Pressure Equipment Directive 2014/68/EU • Regulation on appliances burning gaseous fuels 2016/426/EC • Regulation on in-vitro diagnostic medical devices (EU) 2017/746 • Regulation on medical devices (EU) 2017/745 • Other directives and regulations, e.g. Measuring Instruments Directive or Regulation on protective equipment Depending on the intended purpose of the laboratory equipment, the person responsible (manufacturer/importer) determines the intended use and specifies the selection of the applicable directives or regulations with the relevant standards, ideally European standards that have been harmonized. With the CE Declaration of Conformity, the person responsible declares that the product complies with the applicable standards. The CE mark is affixed to the product or alternatively to its packaging if the product is too small. Detailed instructions for use or operating instructions are a part of the respective product. If a directive or regulation is applicable, the CE mark must be affixed; otherwise the product may not be sold. marking Temperature conversion formulae Conversion to temperature in: °C K °F °C °C °C + 273,15 1,8 °C + 32 °K K - 273,15 K 1,8 K - 459,4 °F 0,556 °F - 17,8 0,556 °F + 255,3 °F °Celcius/Fahrenheit and °Fahrenheit/Celcius conversion tables T [°F] = 9/5 · (T [°C] – 32), T [°C] = 5/9 · T [°F] + 32 °C °F °F °C 300 572 300 148,89 280 536 280 137,78 260 500 260 126,67 240 464 240 115,56 220 428 220 104,44 200 392 200 93,33 180 356 180 82,22 160 320 160 71,11 °C °F °F °C 140 284 140 60,00 120 248 120 48,89 100 212 100 37,78 80 176 80 26,67 60 140 60 15,56 40 104 40 4,44 20 68 20 -6,67 10 50 10 -12,22 °C °F °F °C 0 32 0 -17,78 -10 14 -10 -23,33 -20 -4 -20 -28,89 -40 -40 -40 -40,00 -60 -76 -60 -51,11 -80 -112 -80 -62,22 -100 -148 -100 -73,33 -120 -184 -120 -84,44 Conversion factors for water hardness American hardness British hardness French hardness German hardness Russian hardness ppm as CaCO3 1° American hardness 1 1,201 1,716 0,961 6,864 17,16 1° British hardness 0,832 1 1,429 0,800 5,714 14,29 1° French hardness 0,583 0,700 1 0,560 4,000 10,00 1° German hardness 1,041 1,250 1,786 1 7,144 17,85 1° Russian hardness 0,146 0,175 0,250 0,140 1 2,50 1° ppm as CaCO3 0,058 0,070 0,100 0,400 0,400 1
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